Fundamentals of guidance and counselling

Fundamentals of guidance and counselling Counseling involves manipulation of the human brain ideologies in order to bring out a clear conviction from an individual. It involves finding solutions to issues that are conflicting in a human’s brain. It sometimes necessitates the counselor to convince the client to change his/her behavior and lifestyle through advice offered.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Fundamentals of guidance and counselling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It necessitates the counselor to feel his/her client’s emotions through deep concentration on the facts derived from the client. He then derives the problem and its possible solutions, which he instills in his client through advice. Counseling involves advice on diverse sectors that assist human beings to cope with personal problems depicting from abuse, self-esteem, career development or depression (Makinde, 1984). It necessitates the building of policies to govern the counselors. The most prominent policy that has to be input in the counseling institution is privacy to customer information. The entity has to ensure that each customer is a remarkable person and entitles to secrecy on his/her case. The counselors should take an oath of privacy before embarking on employment as a counselor. This ensures that the customer builds trust between the counselor and himself. Counselors should avoid giving details about what his client came to seek advice about to anyone, even close relatives such as spouses or parents without the customer permission. The information should be confidential to the counseling professional and his counterparts. For access to client information, a grant has to be permitted through written and signed evidence to enable filing. Privacy should have exceptions such as an order from the law courts to release information that could display the client’s cause of behavior, or when his/her actions may cause a threat to society, which requires that he should be placed in a protection institution. Information recorded by trainees and students for purposes of learning through tape recordings has to be destroyed. It should not be posted on the SIUE counseling site for master’s and doctorate training. Attendance policies should be put in place for counselors and clients to follow. The client should communicate with the counselor on the preferred date of appointment as well as the counselor’s availability. This ensures that there are no run-on incidences as well as bouncing appointments, which may make the client de-motivated to continue with the counseling sessions. Clients may shy from attending counseling sessions. The counselor should try to make contact with clients who do not show up and encourage them to set up another appointment. However, they should not use coercion to make the client attend the counseling session.Advertising Looking for proposal on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Clients may show the need of treatment through medication in severe cases. This should be assessed through thorough interaction between the client and the counselor. The counselors should then direct them to psychiatric attention from a professional. Psychiatric attention should be provided to clients who go through continuous counseling sessions. This increases the client’s chances of recovering and at faster rates. The institution should communicate with the psychiatrists in order to inform them of their client’s progress during medication. In order to attach a client to a professional psychiatrist, the client should bind the agreement by signing. This ensures that information released to the psychiatrist has authority from the client. The counselor’s notes made from counseling sessions have to be recorded in softcopies so as to ensure safety and backup. The psychiatrist and counselor shou ld create a trustworthy relationship with the client. This requires them to ensure confidentiality at all levels in their line of duty. This can also be emphasized by ensuring that the client deals with a counselor or psychiatrist. This will enable the institution to have a tracking system that is consistent to prevent repeated treatment. The counseling institution should instill a policy that handles client complaints and grievances. Customer complaints are crucial since they assist the counselors to provide quality services to customers. There should be suggestion boxes placed at places where clients can access them at ease (Milne, 2003). The institution can also open a website in which clients drop their complaints through e-mails. They should provide information on those incidences that led to complains within a given period since the incidence occurred. This may regard to lack of satisfaction from services provided by the attendant. The complaints should be directed to the mana gement of the institution and collected from the suggestion boxes every day. The management should then consult with the affected parties so as to provide a satisfactory solution. Significant grievances should be used to address and monitor the professional in question. In extreme situations, counselors should be charged in a court of law for their unethical behavior. This improves service delivery as well as sharpening their skills and expertise.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Fundamentals of guidance and counselling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The councilors should ensure that they follow ethical standards under laws governing councilors nationwide. They should ensure that mandated counseling only happens when a rightful governing body allows it. These are such as school judicial boards or court orders, which deem it crucial for specified students to undergo counseling. The institution should instill an a udit system which ensures laws and policies use by counselors during counseling sessions. The counselors employed should be from diverse backgrounds and training. This ensures that they can understand the client problem at ease and offer appropriate solutions. References Makinde, O. (1984). Fundamentals of guidance and counselling. London: Macmillan. Milne, A. (2003). Counselling ([New ed.). London: Teach Yourself.

Warm Occlusions - Occluded Fronts - Types of Fronts

Warm Occlusions - Occluded Fronts - Types of Fronts A warm air occlusion or occluded front is less common than a cold occlusion. A warm occlusion occurs as cool air moves rapidly into an area with an existing warm front. The difference from a cold occlusion is that the approaching cool air is not as cold as the retreating cold air in the existing front. In other words, the fast-moving, incoming air is cold, but not as cold as the air mass ahead of it. Precipitation can usually be expected when an occluded front passes through an area. Whats an Occluded Front? Sometimes a cold front will catch up to a warm front and overtake both it and the cooler air out ahead of it. If this happens, an occluded front is born. Occluded fronts get their name from the fact that when the cold air pushes underneath the warm air, it lifts the warm air up from the ground, which makes it hidden, or occluded.   Occluded fronts usually form with mature  low-pressure areas. They act like both warm and cold fronts. The symbol for an occluded front is  a purple line with alternating triangles and semi-circles (also purple)  pointing in the direction the front is moving. Sometimes a cold front will catch up to a warm front and overtake both it and the cooler air out ahead of it. If this happens, an occluded front is born. Occluded fronts get their name from the fact that when the cold air pushes underneath the warm air, it lifts the warm air up from the ground, which makes it hidden, or occluded.   Updated by Tiffany Means

EMC Certification For Laser Printer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EMC Certification For Laser Printer - Essay Example esent satisfactory evidence from tests about their equipment complying with the requirements of the European Union EMC Directive display the CE mark on their equipment. The European Union will not permit sale or import of non-compliant equipment in the European Union and attempts to circumvent this requirement carry fines and terms of imprisonment for those involved. Thus, it is important for all those who want to sell laser printers or other similar equipment in the European Union to understand the process for issuing a declaration of compliance with European Union EMC Directive for a product. This brief report presents a discussion about fulfilling the requirements for declaring a product as EMC compliant to display the CE mark on the product. In the present age of ubiquitous computing, widespread use of electronic circuits of all kind for computation, communication and automation in close proximity to each other has meant that it is now necessary to ensure that devices containing various circuits do not affect each other adversely (Ott, 2009, Pp. 1 – 10). Electronic equipment, including equipment for interfacing with computers, must now operate in the real world environment without generating electromagnetic noise to pollute the radio frequency spectrum to affect adversely other devices or malfunctioning due to the affects of radio frequency interference from devices. The electromagnetic interference phenomenon has become a serious issue for design engineers and this issue is likely to become more serious as the proliferation of devices for various uses increases. Williams (2007, Pp. 1 – 2) states that electromagnetic interference can cause safety critical control systems to malfunction and this is the reas on why portable electronic devices, such as mobile phones, are not permitted to be used on board aircrafts. In addition, high levels of electromagnetic energy can potentially cause harm to human health (Williams, 2007, Pp. 21). In view of the threat from

Macroeconomics. The financial elements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macroeconomics. The financial elements - Essay Example If everybody in the population starts saving the money, then ideally that should result in an overall higher levels of savings. But John Maynard Keynes, the famous economist, studied this very aspect of thrift and pointed out an interesting paradox. Keynes inferred that if everyone starts saving during times of recession then that would result in falling of the aggregate demand, which in turn will result in lowering the value of total savings in the population and leads to fall in economic growth. He meant to say that thrift is virtuous only up to a limit. The paradox is that an increase in saving, which is a recommended microeconomic strategy when individuals encounter problems, is not the best macroeconomic course of action for the aggregate economy1. Therefore, when people try to increase their savings, it may lead to decrease in the levels of autonomous consumption which in turn will decrease the equilibrium income, thus decreasing the induced savings. This way the two components of the savings tend to cancel out each other, implying that even though people tried to increase their savings, the result happened to be a drop in equilibrium income and a 'no change' in savings. That means trying to save more doesn't necessarily result in more saving. It results, instead, in less income out of which to save. Some of the steps involved in this situation and the effects that a chain reaction sets out after such a paradox are; Everybody starts saving his money without spending any of their income. The markets remain idle, as there are no customers and nothing is being sold. Since nothing is being sold, the shop owner starts feeling the pinch and fires his sales-boys and sales-girls. Gradually everyone loses their job. Similarly the production of goods also comes to a halt, and there too employees start loosing their jobs. There is no income as such And since there's no income there is no saving as well. That effectively results in zero savings. This is what John Maynard Keynes studied and objected to. This can further be demonstrated with the help of the Injections-Leakages Model diagrams as shown in the following figures; Fig: The Injections-Leakages Model The two figures shown here depict the paradox of thrift in a convincing manner. For example, if to start with the saving line indicated by 'S' has a positive slope showing gradual increase in savings from a negative saving figure (i.e. expenditure) to a positive saving figure, then the equilibrium of production is achieved by a production of $12 trillion i.e. at the intersection of S and I. Now, anticipating an impending recession, the community (or group of consumers) start increasing their levels of saving i.e. they are now little more on the thrifty side, by curtailing their expenditure plans. Therefore, the community is able to save an amount of $1 trillion more (see fig-2). The saving line is shifted upward and so the point of equilibrium is also shifted. The new saving line intersects original investment line at $8 trillion of aggregate production. This new equilibrium is therefore $4 trillion less than the original equilibrium. As compared to an increase in net saving by $1 tr illion, there is a

Mergers and Acquisitions and Market Share Essay Example for Free

Mergers and Acquisitions and Market Share Essay Mergers and Acquisitions refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with the buying, selling and combining of different companies that can aid, finance, or help a growing company in a given industry grow rapidly without having to create another business entity. A merger is a combination of two companies to form a new company, while an acquisition is the purchase of one company by another in which no new company is formed. Definition The main idea: â€Å"One plus one makes three†. The equation is specially based on Merger or Acquisition. The key principle behind buying a company is to create share holder value over and above that of the sum of the two companies. Two companies together are more valuable than two separate companies together. 1. Acquisition: An acquisition is the purchase of one company by another company. Acquisitions are actions through which companies seek economies of scale, efficiencies and enhanced market visibility. All acquisitions involve one firm purchasing another there is no exchange of stock or consolidation as a new company. Acquisitions are often congenial, and all parties feel satisfied with the deal. Acquisition has become one of the most popular ways since 1990. Companies choose to grow by acquiring others to increase market share, to gain access to promising new technologies, to achieve synergies in their operations, to tap well-developed distribution channels, to obtain control of undervalued assets, and a myriad of other reasons. So, because of the appeal of instant growth, acquisition is an increasingly common way to expand. 2. Mergers: The combining of two or more entities into one is called merger. Therefore, a merger happens when two firms agree to go forward as a single new company rather than remain separately owned and operated. What makes Mergers and Acquisitions? These motives are considered for making of mergers and acquisitions: 1. Economy of scale: This refers to the fact that the combined company can often reduce its fixed costs by removing duplicate departments or operations, lowering the costs of the company relative to the same revenue stream, thus increasing profit margins. 2. Economy of scope: This refers to the efficiencies primarily associated with demand-side changes, such as increasing 3. Synergy: Better use of complementary resources. 4. Taxes: A profitable company can buy a loss maker to use the targets loss as their advantage by reducing their tax liability. 5. Geographical Diversification: This is designed to smooth the earnings results of a company, which over the long term smoothen the stock price of a company, giving conservative investors more confidence in investing in the company. 6. Empire building: Managers have larger companies to manage and hence more power. 7. Increased revenue or market share: This assumes that the buyer will be absorbing a major competitor and thus increase its market power (by capturing increased market share) to set prices. 8. Cross-selling: For example, a bank buying a stock broker could then sell its banking products to the stock brokers customers, while the broker can sign up the banks customers for brokerage accounts. Or, a manufacturer can acquire and sell complementary products. 9. Resource Transfer: Resources are unevenly distributed across firms and the interaction of target and acquiring firm resources can create value through either overcoming information asymmetry or by combining scarce resources.

The Decline of Morals and Morality in America Essay -- Expository Exem

America is in a Moral Decline      Ã‚  Ã‚   The founders of America believed that a popular government and its laws necessarily rested upon an underlying moral order that preceded both the state and man-made law. They referred to this transcendent moral order in the Declaration of Independence as "self evident truths" and "the laws of nature and of nature's god" (Barr pg. 211). For a republic to work, the founders thought, the people had to internally guided by commonly shared moral values. The founders viewed themselves as launching a great experiment: Could a free people retain a moral culture that would promote the self-discipline and virtues needed to restrain corruption? "We are still, in many ways, 'the shining city on the hill' for the rest of the world. What has sustained us over these two centuries has been our commitment to our great moral heritage" (Barr pg. 212). Today though, this "great experiment" appears threatened. According to a recent poll, 73 percent of Americans worry that the nat ion is experiencing a moral decline (Baker). They have the right to be concerned. For the last thirty years, a moral crisis has been brewing. It is undeniable that since the 60's, there has been a steady assault on traditional values. "Crime, broken homes, racial hatred, and problems related to sexual activity are on the rise" (Schuller). America's morals and culture are declining.    As reported in The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators, since 1960, the population has increased 41 percent. The gross domestic product has nearly tripled; and total social spending by all levels of government has risen from 142.73 billion to 787.00 billion. During the same thirty-year period, there has been a 560 percent inc... .... Bennett, William J., The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators, The Heritage Foundation, 1993. Ehrenreich, Barbara, "Oh, Those Family Values," Time, July 18, 1994. Krauthammer, Charles, "Down with 'Family Values,'" U.S. News & World Report, October 17, 1994. Kristol, Irving, "The Coming 'Conservative Century,'" The Wall Street Journal, February 1, 1993. Murphey, Dwight D., "America's Civilizational Crisis: The Rise of Internal Barbarism," Conservative Review, vol. 4, no. 5, September/October 1993. Schuller, Robert A. (1997) In Search of Morality, How You Can Live a Fulfilling Life from the Inside Out [On-Line]. Available: http://www.fni.com/heritage/aug97/Bookshelf.html Thomas, Clarence, "The Rights Revolution and America's Urban Poor," Vital Speeches of the Day, June 15, 1994.

Mechanical Engineering and Agriculture Essay

Engineering is a rapidly developing career field. There are many reasons why I would like to become an engineer. I am interested in SIUE’s Mechanical Engineering program. Mechanical Engineering is an exciting career field. In my youth, I was constantly designing and building an assortment of contraptions out of LEGO’s and K’NEX pieces. These objects included rollercoasters, cars, buildings, tractors, and many other machines. Growing up on a farm, I have always been interested in agriculture. There are many reasons why I’m interested in the Mechanical Engineering program at SIUE. This program offers many challenges to its students while providing them with numerous opportunities to design and build many machines and devices. I have three cousins who are engineers. One of my cousins is a civil engineer, and the other two are mechanical engineers. The first mechanical engineer designs air ducts for commercial buildings. The second designs plastic containers for a variety of companies. While these are not related to my career interest, it shows the broad amount of jobs available to a mechanical engineer. This is another reason why this program interests me. In today’s economy, knowing there’s about a ten percent unemployment rate, the ability to have a very wide range set of skills is nearly a necessity. While building small toys out of plastic pieces is much different than designing the next rollercoaster, it is how I originally gained so much interest in engineering. At the age of seven, I received a rollercoaster K’NEX set for Christmas. We opened presents at about nine on Christmas Eve. By the time we were done, it was almost ten. I stayed up building the roller coaster and finished in about an hour and a half. The design was not very complex; however, it was taller than me at the time. I also built as many cars as possible out of my LEGO’s. The fact that it was always interesting, and still is, is the main reason why I am interested in engineering. Agriculture has had a major influence on my life. I live on a farm, and many people know the ups and downs of farm life. The fact that this career could give me the ability to work at a company like John Deere or Caterpillar is very exciting. Once I graduate, I plan to work in an agriculture related field. I have grown up around it and want to see the look on my dad’s face when I design him a better tractor or combine. The salary that comes with these jobs is also a bonus since I’m used to money being short at times. Engineering is one of the most interesting and broadest career fields today. I am very interested in Mechanical Engineering at SIUE. Whether I was building K’NEX rollercoasters or LEGO cars, I have been building since my youth. Growing up on a farm has given me background for my career interests and has been an important factor in choosing my major

Is marriage an outdated tradition Essay

Is Marriage an Outdated Tradition? In this essay I will be explaining whether marriage Is an outdated tradition along with my opinion and the ones of Christians. In my oplnlon I believe that No, marriage Is the same strong, important connection it was 100 years ago. The difference is the people who enter into it, and the way society no longer supports the couples who choose it. We’ve become a â€Å"need It now† society and are ready to discard whatever doesn’t give us Instant happiness. Divorce has become so acceptable that couples go Into arriage with the plan to divorce If they aren’t satisfied (prenup) as compared to the people in our past who believed marriage was forever and were motivated to keep working at the relationship and to make it work. Today couples are ready to give up as soon as it’s not fun or the sex becomes dull. The other part of the problem Is society’s lack of support for marriage. The UK benefit system Is too lenient towards those who choose to have children without being married therefore helping them with housing, childcare, schooling and food. The rest f the family before would be providing emotional support and pressure for the couple to work at the relationship, now it’s more looked at it as being only their problem and not a problem for the people around them. Today we’re more concerned about an individual’s right to personal happiness than to supporting responsible or ethical behaviour-I believe a person’s happiness Is extremely Important but people’s morals and ethics are what make them happy. I also believe the idea that something that’s worth having is worth fighting for, having omething a long time, the pride of working at something, at pushing through the hard stuff to be able to stand back and look with pride at having made something great, is gone. The Christians of the Catholic Church teach prohibition of premarital sex along with the rejection of homosexual marriage, abortion and contraception but also the acceptance of everyone and equality but while all those are very Important none is what makes the bond of marriage stick. It happens when two people who are free to marry and are physically and emotionally capable of marriage give themselves o each other, understanding that marriage means being open to life and commitment and to faithful love till death.

Supporting Goals of International Women’s Day Essays

Supporting Goals of International Women’s Day Essays Supporting Goals of International Women’s Day Essay Supporting Goals of International Women’s Day Essay The popular image of women’s liberation and emancipation in the United States is that of bra burning females of the 1960’s. Burning of items of feminine wear on 7 September 1968 has been permanently etched into American women liberation history as a revolution though writers as Berkeley (1999) conclude that this was an innocuous sub event in the overall protests by members of New York Radical Women. From this glamorized event to the more substantial issue of International Women’s Day, America as well as the World has come a long way. The Eighth of March every year sees the world celebrating International Women’s Day (IWD). This is a significant event and 2007 will mark the 30th anniversary of IWD. The UN established IWD in 1977 and provides an opportunity to celebrate the progress made in empowering women and to assess future challenges. IWD encourages the world to consider steps to bring about equality for women and girls in all th eir diversity and to celebrate the collective power of women past, present and future. International Women’s Day, recognizes both the great strides women have made and the critical need to end discrimination and violence against women globally. It is therefore significant that a Resolution was introduced in the US House of Representatives on 8 February 2007 supporting the goals of the IWD and â€Å"encourages† the President of the US â€Å"reaffirm his commitment to pursue policies to protect fundamental human rights and civil liberties, particularly those of women and girls.† (Resolution, 2006). The Foreign Affairs Committee of the US House of Representatives on 8 February passed House Resolution No. 149, a resolution sponsored by the Democrat Representative from Illinois, Jan Schakowsky.   The bill had 83 co-sponsors, a majority of whom were Democrats. The Resolution calls on the US House of Representatives to support the goals of International Women’s Day, honour women around the world who have fought and continue to struggle for equality in the face of adversity, and reaffirm its commitment to ending discrimination and violence against women and to pursuing policies that guarantee the basic human rights of women and girls both in the United States and in other countries.   The resolution also encourages the President to reaffirm his commitment to pursue policies to protect the health and human rights of women and girls; and to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe March 8th, International Women’s Day, with appropriate programs and activities.   The resolution will now go to the full House for a vote. This resolution was considered in Committee, which has recommended that the House as a whole should consider it. Although the Resolution has been placed on a calendar of busine ss, the majority party leadership will determine the order in which bills are considered and voted on. On February 15, 2007 the House Foreign Affairs committee ordered it to be reported by Voice Vote. This bill is in the first stage of the legislative process where the bill is considered in committee and may undergo significant changes in Mark Up sessions. The bill has been referred to the Committee in the House on Foreign Affairs and House Judiciary. In the US House of Representatives, a simple resolution is a legislative proposal that does not require the approval of the other chamber or the signature of the President and does not have the force of law. Simple resolutions are used only to change the internal rules of one of the chambers of Congress or to express the sentiments of one of the houses. On February 8, 2007 the Bill was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and in addition to the Committee on the Judiciary, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned. On February 15, it was put up for Committee Consideration and a Mark-up Session was held. It is of interest that on the same day Eddie Bernice Johnson as a Democrat from Texas introduced a resolution (No. 146) in the Foreign Affairs Committee expressing the sense of the House that the United States should take action to meet its obligations, and to ensure that all other member states of the United Nations meet their obligations, to women as agreed to in United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325. This related to women, peace, and security. The Resolution also states that the United States should fully assume the implementation of international law relating to human rights that protects the rights of women and girls during and after conflicts. Resolution no. 149 in its present form envisages empowering women globally. It is recognised that women have advanced and they account for 80 per cent of the world’s 70 million micro-borrowers, 75 per cent of the 28,000 United States loans supporting small businesses in Afghanistan are made to women, and 11 women are chief executive officers of Fortune 500 companies. (Resolution, 2006). The Sponsor of the Resolution aptly noted while introducing it in the House. She said it was important for Congress to put on record this resolution, which supported the goals of equality and opportunity and added that it was â€Å"a meaningful step.†Ã‚   (Press Release, 2007). It is acknowledged that women have made tremendous gains across the world, but the reality is that women still face political and economic obstacles, struggle for basic rights, face the threat of discrimination, and are targets of violence all over the world. But worldwide women remain vastly underrepresented in national and local assemblies, accounting on average for less than 10 per cent of the seats in parliament, except for in East Asia where the figure is approximately 18 to 19 per cent, and in no developing region do women hold more than 8 per cent of the ministerial positions. Additionally, it should be noted that worldwide, 130,000,000 girls and young women have been subjected to female genital mutilation and estimates are that 10,000 girls are at risk of being subjected to this practice in the United States. (Resolution, 2006). According to the Congressional Research Service and the US Department of State, illegal trafficking in women and children for forced labor, domestic servitude, or sexual exploitation involves between 1,000,000 and 2,000,000 women and children each year, of whom 50,000 are transported into the United States. This is a real challenge facing the sole superpower in the world today.   International policies on women have evolved through interaction of a number of processes. Taking the example of European Union, it can be seen that despite being new coagulation of states the policy for greater autonomy to women was evolved through the process of a number of factors such as autonomy of institutions, state autonomy, policy structuring, influence of past policies and factors which are beyond the preferences of states. (Ellina, 2003). Thus the growth of International Women’s Day movement is not restricted to United States but extends across the entire Western World. The United States must follow the lead though on the issue of women’s rights the record in the US is mixed. One might take one example. The 19th Amendment to the Constitution was first introduced in the US Congress in January 1878. The Amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920. But it took 52 years for the 19th Amendment to be ratified. The Women’s rights and liberation movement has a very long history. This can be traced back to as early as 1848 and continues to the present day. (D’Itri, 1999). Jane Austen was the proverbial women liberator who kept writing novels more for poseterity while attempting to keep the writings hidden from her relations (Lloyd, 1971). But ladies were particularly active in activities such as raising funds through charity bazaars throughout history (Lloyd, 1971).Between 1878 and 1920, champions of voting rights for women worked tirelessly, but their strategies varied for achieving the goal. Some women focused on a strategy of getting the government to pass suffrage acts in each state – nine western states had adopted woman suffrage legislation by 1912. Others took the path of legal action by challenging in the courts male-only voting laws. Many suffrage groups used tactics such as parades, silent vigils, and hunger strikes. There are no simple patterns to voting on women in the US Congress. As awareness grows in the national and state legislatures the voting model may also become more complex. Therefore it should not be assumed that the voting pattern regarding women, children, health and so on will be the same as in the case of foreign affairs or strategic defence matters. One should then look beyond the liberal-conservative model on this issue and see the emergence of a consensus on the issue of supporting the international women’s day as a matter of national US policy. This is what makes one suggest that this resolution might be passed in the Congress as a bill giving US women a major role in the global women’s movement. What this depends on is whether the ideological divide in the US Congress can be bridged progress made on this issue keeping in mind its multi-dimensional aspects. The fructification of focus on the International Women’s Day is thus the result of a large number o f men as well as women over more than 150 years of history (D’Itri, 1999). The US Congress thus needs to support the motion most vehemently.

Struma †a Ship Filled With Jewish Refugees

Struma - a Ship Filled With Jewish Refugees Afraid of becoming victims of the horrors being perpetrated by the Nazis in Eastern Europe, 769 Jews attempted to flee to Palestine on board the ship  Struma. Leaving from Romania on December 12, 1941, they were scheduled for a shortstop in Istanbul. However, with a failed engine and no immigration papers, the Struma  and its passengers  became stuck in port for ten weeks. When it was made clear that no country would let the Jewish refugees land, the Turkish government pushed the still-broken  Struma  out to sea on February 23, 1942. Within hours, the stranded ship was torpedoed- there was only one survivor. Boarding By December 1941, Europe was engulfed in World War II and the Holocaust was fully underway, with mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen) killing Jews en masse and huge gas chambers being planned at Auschwitz. Jews wanted out of Nazi-occupied Europe but there were few ways to escape. The  Struma  was promised a chance to get to Palestine. The  Struma  was an  old, dilapidated, 180-ton,  Greek cattle ship that  was extremely ill-equipped for this journey - it had only one bathroom for all 769 passengers and no kitchen. Still, it offered hope.   On December 12, 1941, the  Struma  left Constanta,  Romania under a Panamanian flag, with  Bulgarian captain G. T. Gorbatenko in charge.   Having  paid an exorbitant price for passage on the Struma, the passengers hoped that the ship could safely make it to its short, scheduled stop at Istanbul (ostensibly to pick up their Palestinian immigration certificates) and then on to Palestine. Waiting in Istanbul The trip to Istanbul was difficult because the Strumas  engine kept breaking down, but they did reach Istanbul safely in three days. Here, the Turks would not allow the passengers to land. Instead, the Struma was anchored offshore in a quarantine section of the port. While attempts were made to repair the engine, the passengers were forced to stay on board - week after week. It was in Istanbul that the passengers discovered their most serious problem thus far on this trip - there were no immigration certificates awaiting them. It had all been part of a hoax to jack-up the price of the passage. These refugees were attempting (though they had not known it earlier) an illegal entry into Palestine. The British, who were in control of Palestine, had heard of the Strumas voyage and had thus requested the Turkish government prevent the Struma from passing through the Straits. The Turks were adamant that they did not want this group of people on their land. An effort was made to return the ship to Romania, but the Romanian government would not allow it. While the countries debated, the passengers were living a miserable existence on board. On Board Though traveling on the dilapidated Struma  had perhaps seemed endurable for a few days, living on board for weeks upon weeks began to cause serious physical and mental health problems. There was no fresh water on board and the provisions had quickly been used up. The ship was so small that not all the passengers could stand above deck at once; thus, the passengers were forced to take turns on the deck in order to get a respite from the stifling hold.* The Arguments The British did not want to allow the refugees into Palestine because they were afraid that many more shiploads of refugees would follow. Also, some British government officials used the often cited excuse against refugees and emigrants- that there could be an enemy spy among the refugees. The Turks were adamant that no refugees were to land in Turkey. The Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) had even offered to create an on a land camp for the Struma refugees fully funded by the JDC, but the Turks would not agree. Because the Struma was not allowed into Palestine, not allowed to stay in Turkey, and not allowed to return to Romania, the boat and its passengers remained anchored and isolated for ten weeks. Though many were sick, just one woman was allowed to disembark and that was because she was in the advanced stages of pregnancy. The Turkish government then announced that if a decision was not made by February 16, 1942, they would send the Struma back into the Black Sea. Save the Children? For weeks, the British had adamantly denied the entry of all the refugees aboard the  Struma, even the children. But as the Turks deadline neared, the British government acquiesced to allow some of the children to enter Palestine. The British announced that children between the ages of 11 and 16 on the  Struma  would be allowed to immigrate. But there were problems with this. The plan was that the children would disembark, then travel through Turkey to reach Palestine. Unfortunately, the Turks remained stringent on their rule of allowing no refugees onto their land. The Turks would not approve this over-land route. In addition to the Turks refusal to let the children land, Alec Walter George Randall, Counsellor in the British Foreign Office, aptly summarized an additional problem: Even if we get the Turks to agree I should imagine that the process of selecting the children and taking them from their parents off the   Struma  would be an extremely distressing one. Who do you propose should undertake it, and has the possibility of the adults refusing to let the children go been considered?** In the end, no children were let off the  Struma. Set Adrift The Turks had set a deadline for February 16. By this date, there was still no decision. The Turks then waited a few more days. But on the night of February 23, 1942, Turkish police boarded the  Struma  and informed its passengers that they were to be removed from Turkish waters. The passengers begged and pleaded - even put up some resistance - but to no avail. The  Struma  and its passengers were towed approximately six miles (ten kilometers) from the coast and left there. The boat still had no working engine (all attempts to repair it had failed). The  Struma  also had no fresh water, food, or fuel. Torpedoed After just a couple of hours drifting, the Struma  exploded. Most believe that a Soviet torpedo hit and sank the  Struma. The Turks did not send out rescue boats until the next morning - they only picked up one survivor (David Stoliar). All 768 of the other passengers perished. * Bernard Wasserstein, Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945 (London: Clarendon Press, 1979) 144.** Alec Walter George Randall as quoted in Wasserstein, Britain 151. Bibliography Ofer, Dalia. Struma.  Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Ed. Israel Gutman. New York: Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1990. Wasserstein, Bernard.  Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. London: Clarendon Press, 1979. Yahil, Leni.  The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

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